immune pathways

Immune

NF-κB

NF-κB transcription factors link inflammatory cytokines and innate sensors to survival, cytokine production and sometimes therapy resistance.

Immune

COX / inflammatory signalling

COX-2–PGE2 signalling can promote angiogenesis, immune suppression and epithelial proliferation, notably in colorectal neoplasia.

Immune

PD-1 / PD-L1

PD-1 on T cells engaging PD-L1/PD-L2 restrains cytotoxic function. Tumour or myeloid PD-L1 is a canonical adaptive immune-evasion axis.

Immune

CTLA-4

CTLA-4 competes with CD28 for B7 ligands, restraining priming of T cells mainly in lymphoid tissues and Tregs.

Immune

Immune suppression

Tumours recruit Tregs, MDSCs and M2-like macrophages, and secrete TGF-β, IL-10, adenosine and IDO-related metabolites to blunt effector immunity.

This oncology atlas is educational. Pathway maps, adjunctive strategies, and compound listings describe mechanistic relevance. They do not establish clinical efficacy, do not recommend treatment, and are not a substitute for oncology care. Evidence tiers are not equivalent.